Section
2 Carbon and low alloy steels
2.1 Carbon and low alloy steel pipes, valves and fittings
2.1.1 Materials
for Class I and Class II piping systems, also for shipside valves
and fittings and valves on the collision bulkhead, are to be manufactured
and tested in accordance with the appropriate requirements of the
Rules for Materials, see also
Pt 5, Ch 10, 1.6 Materials.
2.1.2 Materials
for Class III piping systems are to be manufactured and tested in
accordance with the requirements of acceptable national specifications.
Pipes having forge butt welded longitudinal seams are not to be used
for fuel oil systems, for heating coils in oil tanks, or for pressures
exceeding 4,0 bar. The manufacturer’s certificate will be acceptable
and is to be provided for each consignment of material. See
Ch 1, 3.1 General 3.1.3.(c) of the Rules for Materials.
2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends
2.2.1 The maximum
permissible design stress, σ, is to be taken as the lowest of
the following values:
|
σ |
= |
|
|
|
σ |
= |
|
|
|
E
t
|
= |
specified minimum lower yield or 0,2 per cent proof stress at
the design temperature. In the case of austenitic stainless steels,
the 1,0 per cent proof stress at design temperature is to be used. |
|
R
20
|
= |
specified minimum tensile strength at ambient temperature. |
Values of the maximum permissible design stress,
σ, may be obtained from the properties of the steels specified
in Chapter 6 of the Rules for Materials are shown in Table 10.2.1 Mechanical properties of finished
chain cable and fittings for carbon and carbon-manganese
steels. For intermediate values of specified minimum tensile strengths
and temperatures, values of the permissible design stress may be obtained
by interpolation.
2.2.2 Where
it is proposed to use alloy steels other than those detailed in Ch 6 Steel Pipes and Tubes of the Rules for Materials, particulars
of the tube sizes, design conditions and appropriate national or proprietary
material specifications are to be submitted for consideration.
2.2.4 For pipes passing through tanks, an additional corrosion allowance is to be
added to take account of external corrosion; the addition will depend on the external
medium and the value is to be in accordance with Table 10.2.2 Values of
c
for steel pipes .
Table 10.2.1 Carbon and carbon-manganese steel
pipes
| Specified minimum
|
Maximum permissible stress, in N/mm2
|
| tensile
strength, in
|
Maximum design temperature, in °C
|
| N/mm2
|
50
|
100
|
150
|
200
|
250
|
300
|
| 320
|
107
|
105
|
99
|
92
|
78
|
62
|
| 360
|
120
|
117
|
110
|
103
|
91
|
76
|
| 410
|
136
|
131
|
124
|
117
|
106
|
93
|
| 460
|
151
|
146
|
139
|
132
|
122
|
111
|
| 490
|
160
|
156
|
148
|
141
|
131
|
121
|
Table 10.2.2 Values of
c
for steel pipes
| Piping service
|
c
|
|
|
mm
|
| Saturated steam systems
|
0,8
|
| Steam coil systems in cargo tanks
|
2,0
|
| Feed water for boilers in open circuit
systems
|
1,5
|
| Feed water for boilers in closed circuit
systems
|
0,5
|
| Blow down (for boilers) systems
|
1,5
|
| Compressed air systems
|
1,0
|
| Hydraulic oil systems
|
0,3
|
| Lubricating oil systems
|
0,3
|
| Fuel oil systems
|
1,0
|
| Cargo oil systems
|
2,0
|
| Refrigerating plants
|
0,3
|
| Fresh water systems
|
0,8
|
| Water systems in general
|
3,0
|
| (ballast & cooling water)
|
|
| Cargo pipes of ships carrying liquefied natural
or petroleum gases
|
0,3
|
2.2.5 Where
the pipes are efficiently protected against corrosion, the corrosion
allowance may be reduced by not more than 50 per cent.
2.2.7 The minimum
thickness, t
b, of a straight steel pipe to
be used for a pipe bend is to be determined by the following formula,
except where it can be demonstrated that the use of a thickness less
than t
b would not reduce the thickness below t at any point after bending:
|
t
b
|
= |
|
p, D, R, e, b and a are as defined in Pt 5, Ch 10, 1.2 Design symbols 1.2.1
σ is defined in Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends 2.2.1,
and c is to be obtained from Table 10.2.2 Values of
c
for steel pipes
In general, R is to be
not less than 3D.
2.2.8 Where
the minimum thickness calculated by Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends 2.2.4 or Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends 2.2.5 is less than that shown in Table 10.2.3 Minimum thickness for steel
pipes, the minimum nominal
thickness for the appropriate standard pipe size shown in the Table
is to be used. No allowance is required for negative tolerance, corrosion
or reduction in thickness due to bending on this nominal thickness.
For larger diameters, the minimum thickness will be specially considered.
For threaded pipes, where permitted, the minimum thickness is to be
measured at the bottom of the thread.
Table 10.2.3 Minimum thickness for steel
pipes
| External
diameter,
|
Minimum pipe
|
Air and sounding pipes
for
|
|
D, mm
|
thickness, mm
|
structural tanks,
mm
|
| 10,2 - 12
|
1,6
|
--
|
| 13,5 - 19
|
1,8
|
--
|
| 20 - 44,5
|
2,0
|
4,5
|
| 48,3 - 63,5
|
2,3
|
4,5
|
| 70 - 82,5
|
2,6
|
4,5
|
| 88,9 - 108
|
2,9
|
4,5
|
| 114,3 - 127
|
3,2
|
4,5
|
| 133 - 139,7
|
3,6
|
4,5
|
| 152,4 - 168,3
|
4,0
|
4,5
|
| 177,8
|
4,5
|
5,0
|
| 193,7
|
4,5
|
5,4
|
| 219,1
|
4,5
|
5,9
|
| 244,5 - 273
|
5,0
|
6,3
|
| 298,5 - 368
|
5,0
|
6,3
|
| 406,4 - 457,2
|
6,3
|
6,3
|
Note
1. The thickness of bilge, ballast and
general outboard water systems is to be not less than 4,0 mm.
Note
2. The thickness of bilge, air, overflow
and sounding pipes through ballast and fuel oil tanks, ballast lines
through fuel oil tanks and fuel oil lines through ballast tanks is to
be not less than 6,3 mm.
Note
3. For air bilge, ballast, fuel oil,
overflow, sounding, and venting pipes as mentioned in Notes 1 to 2,
where the pipes are efficiently protected against corrosion, the
thickness may be reduced by not more than 1 mm.
Note
4. For air and sounding pipes, the
minimum thickness applies to the part of the pipe outside the tank but
not exposed to the weather. The section of pipe exposed to the weather
is required to be suitably increased in thickness or in compliance
with the requirements of the relevant Authorities.
|
2.3 Pipe joints - General
2.3.1 Joints
in pressure pipelines may be made by:
- Welded-on bolted flanges, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.5 Welded-on flanges, butt welded joints and fabricated branch pieces.
- Butt welds between pipes or between pipes and valve chests or
other fittings, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.5 Welded-on flanges, butt welded joints and fabricated branch pieces.
- Loose Flanges, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.6 Loose flanges.
- Socket weld joints, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.7 Socket weld joints.
- Welded sleeve joints, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.8 Welded sleeve joints.
- Threaded sleeve joints, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.9 Threaded sleeve joints.
- Screwed fittings, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.10 Screwed fittings.
- Other mechanical couplings, see
Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.11 Other mechanical couplings.
- Special types of approved joints that have been shown to be suitable
for the design conditions. Details are to be submitted for consideration.
2.3.2 The dimensions
and materials of flanges, gaskets and bolting, and the press-temperature
rating of bolted flanges in pressure pipelines are to be in accordance
with recognised national or other established standards.
2.3.3 With the
welded pressure piping system referred to in Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.3 Pipe joints - General 2.3.1 it is desirable that a few flanged
joints be provided at suitable positions to facilitate installation,
cold ‘pull up’ and inspection at Periodical Surveys.
2.3.4 Piping
with joints is to be adequately adjusted, aligned and supported. Supports
or hangers are not to be used to force alignment of piping at the
point of connection.
2.3.5 Consideration
will be given to accepting joints in accordance with a recognized
National or International Standard which is applicable to the intended
service and media conveyed.
2.3.6 Where
welded pipes are protected against corrosion then the corrosion protection
is to be applied after welding or the corrosion protection is to be
made good in way of the weld damaged area.
2.3.7 Where
it is not possible to make good the corrosion protection of the weld
damaged area, the pipe is to be considered to have no corrosion protection.
2.4 Steel pipe flanges
2.4.1 Flanges
may be cut from plates or may be forged or cast. The material is to
be suitable for the design temperature.
2.4.2 Flange
attachments to pipes and pressure-temperature ratings in accordance
with National or other approved Standards will be accepted.
2.5 Welded-on flanges, butt welded joints and fabricated branch pieces
2.5.1 The types
of welded-on flanges are to be suitable for the pressure, temperature
and service for which the pipes are intended.
2.5.2 Typical
examples of welded-on flange attachments are shown in Figure 10.2.1 Typical welded-on flanges(a) to (f). Types (c) and
(e), however, are not to be used for pipes having a bore of less than
75 mm.
Figure 10.2.1 Typical welded-on flanges
2.5.4 Welded-on
flanges are not to be a tight fit on the pipes. The maximum clearance
between the bore of the flange and the outside diameter of the pipe
is to be 3 mm at any point, and the sum of the clearances diametrically
opposite is not to exceed 5 mm.
2.5.5 Where
butt welds are employed in the attachment of flange type (a), in pipe-to-pipe
joints or in the construction of branch pieces, the adjacent pieces
are to be matched at the bores. This may be effected by drifting,
roller expanding or machining, provided that the pipe wall is not
reduced below the designed thickness. If the parts to be joined differ
in wall thickness, the thicker wall is to be gradually tapered to
the thickness of the thinner at the butt joint. The welding necks
of valve chests are to be sufficiently long to ensure that the valves
are not distorted as the result of welding and subsequent heat treatment
of the joints.
2.5.6 Where
backing rings are used with flange type (a), they are to fit closely
to the bore of the pipe and should be removed after welding. The rings
are to be made of the same materials as the pipes or of mild steel
having a sulphur content not greater than 0,05 per cent.
2.5.7 Branches
may be attached to pressure pipes by means of welding provided that
the pipe is reinforced at the branch by a compensating plate or collar
or other approved means, or, alternatively, that the thicknesses of
pipe and branch are increased to maintain the strength of the pipe.
These requirements also apply to fabricated branch pieces.
2.5.8 Welding
may be carried out by means of the shielded metal arc, inert gas metal
arc, oxy-acetylene or other approved process, but in general, oxy-acetylene
welding is suitable only for flange type (a) and is not to be applied
to pipes exceeding 100 mm diameter or 9,5 mm thick. The welding is
to be carried out in accordance with the appropriate paragraphs of Pt 5, Ch 14 Requirements for Fusion Welding of Pressure Vessels and Piping.
2.6 Loose flanges
2.6.1 Loose
flange designs as shown in Figure 10.2.2 Loose flange arrangements may
be used, provided they are in accordance with a recognized National
or International Standard.
Figure 10.2.2 Loose flange arrangements
2.7 Socket weld joints
2.7.1 Socket
weld joints may be used in Class III systems with carbon steel pipes
of any outside diameter. Socket weld fittings are to be of forged
steel and the material is to be compatible with the associated piping.
In particular cases, socket welded joints may be permitted for piping
systems of Class I and II, having outside diameter not exceeding 88,9
mm. Such joints are not to be used where fatigue, severe erosion or
crevice corrosion is expected to occur or where toxic media are conveyed.
2.7.2 The thickness
of the socket weld fittings is to meet the requirements of Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends 2.2.4 but is to be not less than 1,25
times the nominal thickness of the pipe or tube. The diametral clearance
between the outside diameter of the pipe and the bore of the fitting
is not to exceed 0,8 mm, and a gap of approximately 1,5 mm is to be
provided between the end of the pipe and the bottom of the socket. See also
Ch 13, 5.2 Manufacture and workmanship 5.2.9 of
the Rules for Materials.
2.7.3 The leg
lengths of the fillet weld connecting the pipe to the socket weld
fitting are to be such that the throat dimension of the weld is not
less than the nominal thickness of the pipe or tube.
2.8 Welded sleeve joints
2.8.1 Welded
sleeve joints may be used in Class III systems with carbon steel pipes
of any outside diameter. In particular cases, welded sleeve joints
may be permitted for piping systems of Class I and II, having outside
diameter not exceeding 88,9 mm. Such joints are not to be used where
fatigue, severe erosion or crevice corrosion is expected to occur
or where toxic media are conveyed.
2.8.2 Sleeve
joints are not to be used in the following locations:
- Bilge pipes in way of deep tanks.
- Air and sounding pipes passing through cargo tanks.
2.8.3 Welded
sleeve joints may be used in piping systems for the storage, distribution
and utilisation of fuel oil, lubricating or flammable oil systems
in machinery spaces provided they are located in readily visible and
accessible positions. See also
Pt 5, Ch 12, 2.6 Precautions against fire 2.6.2.
2.8.4 The thickness
of the sleeve is to satisfy the requirements of Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.2 Wrought steel pipes and bends 2.2.4and Table 10.2.3 Minimum thickness for steel
pipes but is to be not less than 1,42 times the nominal
thickness of the pipe in order to satisfy the throat thickness required
in Pt 5, Ch 10, 2.8 Welded sleeve joints 2.8.5. The radial clearance
between the outside diameter of the pipe and the internal diameter
of the sleeve is not to exceed 1 mm for pipes up to a nominal diameter
of 50 mm, 2 mm on diameters up to 200 mm nominal size and 3 mm for
larger size pipes. The pipe ends are to be separated by a clearance
of approximately 2 mm at the centre of the sleeve. Alternatively,
consideration will be given to sleeve thickness in accordance with
a relevant National Standard.
2.8.5 The sleeve
material is to be compatible with the associated piping and the leg
lengths of the fillet weld connecting the pipe to the sleeve are to
be such that the throat dimension of the weld is not less than the
nominal thickness of the pipe or tube.
2.9 Threaded sleeve joints
2.9.1 Threaded
sleeve joints, in accordance with national or other established standards,
may be used with carbon steel pipes within the limits given in Table 10.2.4 Limiting design conditions for
threaded sleeve joints. Such joints are not
to be used where fatigue, severe erosion or crevice corrosion is expected
to occur or where flammable or toxic media is conveyed.
Table 10.2.4 Limiting design conditions for
threaded sleeve joints
| Thread type
|
Outside pipe diameter, in mm
|
| Class I
|
Class II
|
Class III
|
| Tapered thread
|
<33,7
|
<60,3
|
<60,3
|
| Parallel thread
|
–
|
–
|
<60,3
|
2.10 Screwed fittings
2.10.1 Screwed
fittings, including compression fittings, of an approved type may
be used in piping systems for pipes not exceeding 51 mm outside diameter.
Where the fittings are not in accordance with an acceptable standard
then LR may require the fittings to be subjected to special tests
to demonstrate their suitability for the intended service and working
conditions.
2.11 Other mechanical couplings
2.11.1 Pipe unions, compression couplings, or slip-on joints, as shown in Figure 10.2.3 Examples of mechanical joints
(Part 1) and Figure 10.2.4 Examples of mechanical joints
(Part 2) may be used if
Type Approved for the service conditions and the intended application. The Type Approval
is to be based on the results of testing of the actual joints. The acceptable use for
each service is indicated in Table 10.2.5 Application of mechanical
joints and dependence upon the Class of piping, with
limiting pipe dimensions, is indicated in Table 10.2.6 Application of mechanical joints
depending on class of piping.
Figure 10.2.3 Examples of mechanical joints
(Part 1)
Figure 10.2.4 Examples of mechanical joints
(Part 2)
Table 10.2.5 Application of mechanical
joints
| Systems
|
Kind of connections
|
|
|
| Pipe unions
|
Compression
couplings
|
Slip-on
joints
|
Classification of
pipe system
|
Fire endurance test
condition, see Note 7
|
| Flammable fluids (flash point < 55°C)
|
| Cargo oil lines,
see Note 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Crude oil washing
lines, see Note 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Vent lines,
see Note 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Inert gas
|
| Water seal effluent
lines
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min wet
(*)
|
| Scrubber effluent
lines
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min wet
(*)
|
| Main lines,
see Notes 2 & 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Distribution lines,
see Note 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Flammable fluids (flash point > 55°C)
|
| Cargo oil lines,
see Note 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Fuel oil lines,
see Notes 2 & 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min
wet (*)
|
| Lubricating oil
lines, see Notes 2 & 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
| Hydraulic oil,
see Notes 2 & 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
| Thermal oil,
see Notes 2 & 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
| Sea water
|
| Bilge lines,
see Note 4
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry/wet
|
8 min dry + 22 min
wet (*)
|
| Permanent water
filled fire‑extinguishing systems, e.g. fire main, sprinkler systems,
see Note 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min wet
(*)
|
| Non-permanent water
filled fire‑extinguishing systems, e.g. foam, drencher systems and fire
main, see Note 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry/wet
|
8 min dry + 22 min
wet (*)
|
| Ballast system,
see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min wet
(*)
|
| Cooling water
system, see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
30 min wet
(*)
|
| Tank cleaning
services
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
Fire endurance test
not required
|
| Non-essential
systems
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry, dry/wet,
wet
|
Fire endurance test
not required
|
| Fresh water
|
| Cooling water
system, see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
Fire
endurance test not required
|
| Condensate return,
see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
| Non-essential
system
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
| Sanitary/drains/scuppers
|
| Deck drains
(internal), see Note 6
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
Fire
endurance test not required
|
| Sanitary
drains
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
| Scuppers and
discharge (overboard)
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
dry
|
| Sounding/vent
|
| Water tanks/dry
spaces
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry, wet
|
Fire
endurance test not required
|
| Oil tanks (f.p. >
55°C), see Notes 2 & 3
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
| Miscellaneous
|
| Starting/control
air, see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| Service air
(non-essential)
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
dry
|
Fire
endurance test not required
|
| Brine
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
wet
|
| CO2
system (outside protected space), see Note 1
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
dry
|
30 min dry
(*)
|
| CO2
system (inside protected space)
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
dry
|
Mechanical joints shall be constructed of materials with a
melting point above 925°C.
|
| Steam
|
+
|
+
|
+ see Note
5
|
wet
|
Fire endurance test
not required
|
| Abbreviations:
+ Application is allowed.
- Application is
not allowed.
* Fire endurance test as specified in LR’s Test
Specification No. 2, Ch 5, Appendix 4 – Mechanical pipe joints – Fixed
connections, 4.2.7.
|
|
Note
1. Mechanical joints that include any components which readily
deteriorate in case of fire, are to be of an approved fire-resistant type
when fitted in machinery spaces of category A. Mechanical couplings
fitted on the ‘bilge main’ in machinery spaces of category A are to be of
steel or equivalent material.
Note
2. Mechanical joints that include any components which readily
deteriorate in case of fire are not permitted in machinery spaces of
category A or accommodation spaces. Mechanical joints that include any
components which readily deteriorate in case of fire that are of an
approved fire-resistant type may be fitted in other machinery spaces
provided the joints are located in easily visible and accessible
positions.
Note
3. Mechanical joints that include any components which readily
deteriorate in case of fire fitted on fuel oil lines are to be of an
approved fire-resistant type. Mechanical joints that include any
components which readily deteriorate in case of fire fitted on other
systems are to be of an approved fire-resistant type except when fitted
on open decks having little or no fire risk.
Note
4. Mechanical joints that include any components which readily
deteriorate in case of fire are to be of an approved fire-resistant type
when fitted in pump-rooms and on open decks.
Note
6. Mechanical joints are only permitted above bulkhead deck of
passenger ships and freeboard deck of cargo ships.
Note
7. A category A machinery space is a machinery space containing
internal combustion machinery for main propulsion or internal combustion
machinery used for purposes other than main propulsion where such
machinery has a total power of not less than 375 kW, or containing any
oil-fired boiler or fuel oil unit, or any other oil-fired equipment other
than boilers.
|
Table 10.2.6 Application of mechanical joints
depending on class of piping
| Types of
joints
|
Classes of piping systems
|
| Class I
|
Class II
|
Class III
|
|
Pipe unions
|
|
|
|
| Welded and brazed
type
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compression couplings
|
|
|
|
| Swage type
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
| Bite type
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+
|
| Flared type
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+(OD ≤ 60,3 mm)
|
+
|
| Press type
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Slip-on joints
|
|
|
|
| Machine grooved
type
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
| Grip type
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
| Slip
type
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
| KEY
|
|
|
|
| +
|
Application is allowed
|
|
|
|
| –
|
Application is not allowed
|
|
|
|
2.11.2 Where
the application of mechanical joints results in a reduction in pipe
wall thickness due to the use of bite type rings or other structural
elements, this is to be taken into account in determining the minimum
wall thickness of the pipe to withstand the design pressure.
2.11.3 Materials
of mechanical joints are to be compatible with the piping material
and internal and external media.
2.11.4 Mechanical
joints for pressure pipes are to be tested to a burst pressure of
4 times the design pressure. For design pressures above 200 bar, the
required burst pressure will be specially considered.
2.11.5 Mechanical joints, which in the event of damage could cause fire or
flooding, are not to be used in piping sections directly connected to the ship’s side
below the bulkhead deck of passenger ships and freeboard deck of cargo ships or tanks
containing flammable fluids.
2.11.6 The
mechanical joints are to be designed to withstand internal and external
pressure as applicable and, where used in suction lines, are to be
capable of operating under vacuum.
2.11.7 The number of mechanical joints in flammable fluid systems is to be kept to a minimum.
In general, flanged joints are to conform to a recognised standard.
2.11.8 Generally,
slip-on joints are not to be used in pipelines in cargo holds, tanks,
and other spaces which are not easily accessible. Application of these
joints inside tanks may only be accepted where the medium conveyed
is the same as that in the tanks.
2.11.9 Usage of slip type slip-on joints as the main means of pipe connection is
not permitted except for cases where compensation of axial pipe deformation is
necessary.
2.11.10 Restrained
slip-on joints are permitted in steam pipes with a design pressure
of 10 bar or less on the weather decks of oil and chemical tankers
to accommodate axial pipe movement, see
Pt 5, Ch 11, 2.7 Provision for expansion.
2.11.11 Mechanical joints are to be tested in accordance with the test requirements
in LR’s Type Approval Test Specification Number 2, as relevant to the service conditions
and the intended application. The programme of testing is to be agreed with LR.
2.12 Non-destructive testing
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