Section 1 General requirements

1.1.1 The requirements of this Chapter are applicable to reciprocating internal combustion engines operating on liquid, gas or dual fuel (hereinafter referred to as engines) for main propulsion and essential auxiliary services. Pt 10, Ch 1, 3 Crankshaft design is not applicable to auxiliary engines having powers of less than 110 kW.

1.1.2 Engines providing power for services essential to the safety of the vessel are to be constructed under survey and in accordance with the requirements of this Chapter (see also Pt 1, Ch 2, 3.9 Class notations (machinery) 3.9.1).

1.1.3 This Chapter is to be read in conjunction with the General Requirements for Machinery in Pt 9 General Requirements for Machinery.

1.2.1 For the purposes of this Chapter engine type, expressed by the manufacturer/licensor’s designation, is defined by:

1. the bore and stroke;
2. the method of injection (i.e. direct injection, indirect injection, pilot injection);
3. the fuel pump and injection system (independent line to fuel oil valve, common rail);
4. the valve and injection operation (by cams or electronically controlled);
5. the fuel(s) used (liquid, dual-fuel, gaseous, etc);
6. the working cycle (4-stroke, 2-stroke);
7. the gas exchange (naturally aspirated, turbocharged, etc.);
8. the method of turbocharging (pulsating system, constant pressure system);
9. the charging air cooling system (with or without intercooler, number of stages);
10. cylinder arrangement (in-line, vee, etc.);
11. the maximum continuous power per cylinder (or maximum continuous brake mean effective pressure) at maximum continuous speed;
12. the manufacturer and type of governor (and control system if applicable) fitted.

1.2.2 A complete engine includes the control system, turbocharger(s) and all ancillary systems and equipment referred to in this Chapter that are used for operation of the engine for which there are rule requirements; this includes systems allowing the use of different fuel types.

1.2.3 Arrangements for gas only or dual fuel engines will be specially considered. For the requirements for trunk piston internal combustion engines supplied with low pressure (less than 1 MPa) natural gas (methane) as fuel, see Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships, July 2022 Pt 5, Ch 2, 15 Engines supplied with low pressure gas.

1.2.4 Primary exhaust gas emissions abatement plant (where fitted) is to meet the requirements of this Chapter; additionally, it is to meet the requirements of Pt 15, Ch 3, 14 Emissions abatement plant. Where secondary exhaust gas emissions abatement systems are fitted to engines, they are to meet the requirements of Pt 15, Ch 3, 14 Emissions abatement plants.

1.3.1 All engines intended for installation on a LR Class ship are to be Type Approved by LR(see Lloyd’s Register Type Approval System Procedure TA14 for details of the LR Type Approval process)

1.3.2 Each complete engine, as defined in Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.2 Scope, intended for installation on an LR Classed vessel, is to have an LR Engine Certificate.

1.3.3 For the first engine of a type, the type approval process and the engine certification process may be performed simultaneously.

In all cases the complete set of endorsed documents and the list referenced in Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.3 Approval process 1.3.4(a), which are to be provided by the manufacturer, will be required by the Surveyor(s) attending the manufacturer’s works. Where a licensee/licensor arrangement is in place, this set of documents may be a combination of licensor and licensee documents.

1.3.5 An LR Engine Certificate is issued upon satisfactory completion of engine assembly, with associated component testing (see Pt 10, Ch 1, 2 Materials and components) and factory acceptance testing (see Pt 10, Ch 1, 11 Factory Acceptance Test and Shipboard Trials of Engines) or, issued in accordance with the alternative approach for product assurance approved by LR, see Pt 9, Ch 2, 1.3 Alternative approach for product assurance.

1.3.6 For appraisal of emergency generator engines and turbochargers additional submissions are required. See Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements 1.4.4 and Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements 1.4.5 as applicable.

1.4.1 The plans and information are to be submitted as required in Table 1.1.1 Plans and particulars to be submitted and Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements 1.4.2 to Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements 1.4.8 as applicable.

1.4.2 A schedule of testing at engine packager’s or system integrator’s facility, pre-sea trial commissioning and sea trials is to be submitted. The test schedules are to identify all modes of engine operation and the sea trials are to include typical port manoeuvres under the intended engine operating modes. The schedule is to include:

1. testing and trials to demonstrate that the engine is capable of operating as described in (a)Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements 1.4.1, Note 10;
2. tests to verify that the response of the complete mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and electronic system is as predicted for the intended operational modes; and
3. testing required to verify the conclusions of the risk-based analysis.

The scope of these tests is to be agreed with LR based on the risk-based analysis.

1.4.3  In addition to the applicable plans and particulars required by Pt 16, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.3 to Pt 16, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.6, the following information for control, alarm, monitoring and safety systems relating to the operation of an electronically controlled engine is to be submitted:

Configuration records are to be maintained and are to be made available to the Surveyor at testing and trials and on request in accordance with Pt 16, Ch 1, 1.4 Alterations and additions and Pt 16, Ch 1, 7.1 General 7.1.3.

1.4.4 Emergency generator engine plans, information and test schedules, required for design appraisal, are to be in accordance with Pt 16, Ch 1 Control Engineering Systems.

1.4.5 For turbochargers, the following plans and particulars are to be submitted. The submission requirements vary depending on the category of the turbocharger; categories A, B and C are defined in Pt 10, Ch 1, 12.1 General 12.1.2:

1.4.6 The following information is to be submitted to LR for acceptance of oil mist detection equipment and alarm arrangements:

1. Description of oil mist detection equipment and system including alarms.
2. Copy of the test house report in accordance with the requirements of Test Specification No. 4 – Type Testing of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines and Associated Ancillary Equipment See also Pt 10, Ch 1, 14.4 Crankcase oil mist detection system 14.4.4.
3. Schematic layout of engine oil mist detection arrangements showing location of detectors/sensors and piping arrangements and dimensions.
4. Maintenance and test manual which is to include the following information:
   1. Intended use of equipment and its operation;
   2. Functionality tests to demonstrate that the equipment is operational and that any faults can be identified and corrective actions notified;
   3. Maintenance routines and spare parts recommendations;
   4. Limit setting and instructions for safe limit levels; and
   5. Where necessary, details of configurations in which the equipment is and is not to be used.

1.4.7 Where engine components are subject to autofrettage the following information is to be submitted (see also Pt 10, Ch 1, 2.4 Autofrettage):

1. Drawings and other related documents/information for products to be subjected to autofrettage, including material grade and dimensions.
2. Details of product quality assurance processes.
3. Place of manufacture and details of external providers of products subjected to autofrettage.
4. A report detailing how repeatability and reliability of autofrettage process are achieved. This is to include the following:
   1. Method of autofrettage.
   2. Method to control extent of autofrettage.
   3. Calibration of the autofrettage system.
   4. Details of how the critical parameters affecting product characteristics are controlled.
5. Method for recording results and list of data that is recorded.
6. Finished component and/or system testing.

1.4.8 Where considered necessary Lloyd’s Register (hereinafter referred to as ’LR’) may require additional documentation to be submitted.

1.5.1 In addition to the requirements of Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.4 Submission requirements and Table 1.1.1 Plans and particulars to be submitted, the plans and information in Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.5 Additional submission requirements 1.5.2 to Pt 10, Ch 1, 1.5 Additional submission requirements 1.5.3 and Table 1.1.2 Plans and particulars to be submitted are to be submitted for engines installed on special service craft.

1.5.2 Where it is proposed to use alloy castings, micro alloyed or alloy steel forgings or iron castings, details of the chemical composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties are to be submitted.

1.5.3 A Risk Assessment (RA) as detailed in Pt 9 General Requirements for Machinery is to be submitted. The RA is to include the following associated sub-systems:

• Starting and stopping.
• Fuel oil.
• Lubricating oil.
• Cooling water (fresh and sea).
• Air induction.
• Exhaust.
• Engine mounting.
• Control and monitoring.
• Electrical power supplies.
• Hydraulic oil (for valve lift).

1.5.4 Plans and details for dead craft condition starting arrangements are to be submitted for appraisal, see Pt 10, Ch 1, 9.1 Dead ship condition starting arrangements.