3.1.1 The
                                 minimum thickness, t, of a spherical shell is to be determined
                                 by the following formula:
                                 
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.1.4 Openings
                                 in spherical shells requiring compensation are to comply, in general,
                                 with Pt  5, Ch  10,  2.5 Reinforced openings, using the calculated
                                 and actual thickness of the spherical shell as applicable.