Section 1 General requirements

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 Provision is made in this Chapter for requirements related to materials, fabrication and related inspection of classed and certified lifting appliances.

1.1.2 The material properties are to comply with the requirements given in the relevant Chapter dealing with design and/or shown on the approved plan.

1.1.3 Detailed requirements for the testing and inspection of steel wire rope and fibre rope are given in Ch 8 Fittings, Loose Gear and Ropes.

1.1.4 Proposals to use synthetic materials are to be submitted for consideration.

1.1.5 Special consideration by LR is required for a selected material which is proposed to be applied to the actual project and which is not defined in the Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials, July 2022 or in this Code, see Ch 1, 1.6 Materials and fabrication 1.6.7. Reference is made to LR’s Guidance Notes for Special Consideration Process for Materials Applications.

1.1.6 Requirements for the fabrication and inspection of classed lifting appliances are specified in Ch 11, 2 Fabrication of classed lifting appliances.

1.1.7 Requirements for the fabrication of certified lifting appliances are specified in Ch 11, 3 Fabrication of certified lifting appliances.

1.1.8 Requirements for material documentation for classed and certified lifting appliances are specified in Ch 11, 4 Material documentation for certified and classed lifting appliances.

1.2 General material requirements

1.2.1 Materials used for the construction, or repair, of lifting appliances are to be manufactured and tested in accordance with the general procedures given in this Chapter and in Ch 1, 1.6 Materials and fabrication.

1.2.2 The selected steel grade is to provide adequate assurance against brittle fracture, taking into account the material tensile strength and thickness and the environment in which the lifting appliance is designed to operate, with the operating temperature chosen being the lesser of either that from an assigned winterisation notation or the lowest temperature of operation for the lifting appliance (see Ch 11, 1.2 General material requirements 1.2.4). Charpy V-notch impact test requirements are to comply with the following tables:

The different categories of structural components used in the above tables are defined as follows:

Critical structural component is a structural member of the lifting appliance where the failure of which will result in the loss of the lifting appliance or the load being lifted, e.g. pedestal, slewing bearing, slewing column or a-frame or mast, crane jib, etc.;
Primary structural component is a structural member of the lifting appliance where the failure of which may lead to the loss of the load being lifted, e.g. panel stiffeners to jib or slewing column;
Secondary structural component is a structural component which is not a critical or primary structural component, e.g. service fittings (electrics, lighting).

1.2.3 Critical and primary structural components shall be considered for susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement due to the corrosive offshore environment. A method for the determination of the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement/cracking is provided in EN ISO 17642‑1 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Cold cracking tests for weldments - Arc welding processes – Part 1: General, EN ISO 17642‑2 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Cold cracking tests for weldments - Arc welding processes – Part 2: Self-restraint tests and EN ISO 17642‑3 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Cold cracking tests for weldments - Arc welding processes – Part 3: Externally loaded tests.

Table 11.1.1 Charpy V-notch impact test temperature requirements for welded steel structure with a minimum specified yield strength up to 690 MPa (excludes stainless steels)

	Minimum design temperature, see Note 1
	–10°C see Note 2		–20°C		–30°C		–40°C
Thickness, mm	Required impacttest temperature, see Note 5
	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component
t ≤ 10	0°C	+20°C	0°C	+20°C	-20°C	-20°C	-20°C	-20°C
	see Note 3	see Note 3		see Note 3
10 < t ≤ 20	0°C	+20°C	-20°C	0°C	-20°C	-20°C	-40°C	-20°C
	see Note 3	see Note 3
20 < t ≤ 25	0°C	0°C	-20°C	0°C	–40°C	–20°C	-40°C	-20°C
25 < t ≤ 30	-20°C	0°C	-40°C	-20°C	–40°C	–20°C	-40°C	-40°C
30 < t ≤ 40	-20°C	0°C	-40°C	-20°C	–40°C	–20°C	-60°C	-40°C
40 < t ≤ 50	-20°C	0°C	-40°C	-20°C	–60°C	–20°C	-60°C	-40°C
50 < t ≤ 60	-40°C	-20°C	-60°C	-20°C	–60°C	–40°C	-60°C	-40°C
			see Note 4
60 < t ≤ 150	-40°C	-20°C	-60°C	-20°C	–60°C	–40°C	-60°C	-40°C
			see Note 4
Note 1. For intermediate design temperatures the next lowest design temperature shown in the Table is to be selected. Note 2. Worldwide service refers to minimum design temperature –10°C or above. Note 3. For carbon steels up to minimum specified yield strength of 235 N/mm², impact testing is not required unless the carbon content is above 0,23% and/or manganese content is below 2,5 x carbon content, in which case impact tests are to be carried out at +20°C. Note 4. For carbon and carbon manganese steels with a minimum specified yield strength of 355 N/mm² or below, the test temperature need not be taken lower than –40°C for plates delivered in the normalised condition only. Note 5. The Charpy V-notch impact energy requirements are to comply with Table 11.1.4 Charpy V-notch impact test energy requirements.

Table 11.1.2 Charpy V-notch impact test temperature requirements for non-welded components with a minimum specified yield strength up to 960 MPa

	Minimum design temperature, see Note 2
	–10°C see Note 3		–20°C		–30°C		–40°C
Thickness, mm	Required impacttest temperature, see Note 1 and 4
	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component
t ≤ 10	Not required	Not required	0°C	Not required	-10°C	Not required	-20°C	0°C
10 < t ≤ 50	0°C	Not required	-10°C	Not required	-20°C	0°C	-30°C	-10°C
50 < t ≤ 100	-10°C	Not required	-20°C	0°C	-30°C	-10°C	-40°C	-20°C
t > 100	-20°C	0°C	-30°C	-10°C	-40°C	-20°C	-50°C	-30°C
Note 1. Slewing bearings are not covered by this Table. See Ch 4, 2.25 Materials and Ch 4, 3.7 Slew rings. Note 2. Forintermediate design temperatures the next lowest design temperature shown in the Table is to be selected. Note 3. Worldwide servicerefers to minimum design temperature of –10°C or above. Note 4. Forcast and forged components, the minimum specified average energy for Charpy V-notch impact tests is to be at least 27 J. For rolled products the Charpy V-notch impact energy requirements are to comply with Table 11.1.4 Charpy V-notch impact test energy requirements.

Table 11.1.3 Charpy V-notch impact test temperature requirements for welded steel structures with a minimum specified yield strength up to 960 MPa (excludes stainless steel)

Thickness, mm	Minimum design temperature
	-10°C		-20°C
	Required impact test temperature, see Note 1
	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component	Critical/primary structural component	Secondary structural component
t ≤ 10	−20°C	0°C	−20°C	0°C
10 < t ≤ 20	−20°C	0°C	−20°C	0°C
20 < t ≤ 25	−20°C	0°C	−20°C	0°C
25 < t ≤ 30	−40°C	−20°C	−40°C	−20°C
30 < t ≤ 40	−40°C	−20°C	−60°C	−40°C
Note 1. The CharpyV-notch impact energy requirements are to comply with Table 11.1.4 Charpy V-notch impact test energy requirements.

Table 11.1.4 Charpy V-notch impact test energy requirements

Minimum specified yield stress (N/mm²)	Minimum average impact energy (J)	Sampling direction
235	27	L
275	31	L
355	34	L
460	40 (30)	L (T)
690	40 (30)	L (T)
890	69 (46)	L (T)
960	69 (46)	L (T)

1.2.4 The purchaser is to specify the lowest temperature of operation. The minimum design temperature is to be taken as 10°C above the lowest temperature of operation. For worldwide service the lowest temperature of operation is to be taken as –20°C with corresponding minimum design temperature of –10°C.

1.2.5 Where it can be shown that satisfactory service experience exists using the particular materials and construction, special consideration may be given to proposals to use materials which do not meet the requirements of:

1.2.6 Resistance against brittle fracture for minimum design temperatures below -40°C will be specially considered.

1.2.7 The welding consumables are to be suitable for the type of joint and grade of material to be welded and are, in general, to match the parent material. For base material grades with minimum specified yield strength level of 890 N/mm² and 960 N/mm², the weld metal strength may be lower than the minimum specified for the base metal provided that this is taken into account in the design calculations and is clearly marked on the design drawings submitted for approval.

1.2.8 Stainless steels which are acceptable in certified lifting appliance applications under defined conditions have been provided in Table 11.1.5 Acceptable stainless steels under defined conditions. Acceptance of these steels in classed applications will be specially considered. Further stainless steels acceptable in certified and classed applications are provided in the Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials, July 2022.

Table 11.1.5 Acceptable stainless steels under defined conditions

Comparable designations					Application (classed/certified lifting appliances)	Application limitation	Alloy	Minimum design temperature (°C)
Number (acc. to EN 10088)	ISO number (acc. to ISO 15510)	ISO name (acc. to ISO 15510)	Type (acc. AISI and/or LR)	UNS (acc. to ASTM A959)	Application (classed/certified lifting appliances)	Application limitation	Alloy	Minimum design temperature (°C)
1.4057	4057-431-00-X	X17CrNi16-2	431	S43100	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Notes 1, 2	Martensitic	see Note 5
1.4301	4301-304-00-I	X5CrNi18-9	304 see Note 8	S30400	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4306	4306-304-03-I	X2CrNi19-11	304L see Note 8	S30430	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4307	4307-304-03-I	X2CrNi18-9	304L seeNote 8	S30430	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4311	4311-304-53-I	X2CrNiN18-10	304L see Note 8	S30453	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4311	4311-304-53-I	X2CrNiN18-9	304L see Note 8	S30453	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4362	4362-323-04-I	X2CrNiN23-4	SS2327	S32304	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Duplex	-20
1.4401	4401-316-00-I	X5CrNiMo17-12-2	316	S31600	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4404	4404-316-03-I	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	316L see Note 8	S31603	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4410	4410-327-50-E	X2CrNiMoN25-7-4	A182 F53	S32750 see Note 8	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Duplex	-20
1.4418	4410-431-77-E	X4CrNiMo16-5-1	SS2387	-	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Notes 1, 2	Martensitic	see Note 5
1.4429	4429-316-53-I	X2CrNiMoN17-13-3	316LN see Note 8	S31654	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4429	4429-316-53-I	X2CrNiMoN17-12-3	316LN see Note 8	S31653	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4434	4434-317-53-I	X2CrNiMoN18-12-4	317LN see Note 8	S31753	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4435	4435-316-91-I	X2CrNiMo18-14-3	316L see Note 8	S31603	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4436	4436-316-91-I	X5CrNiMo17-13-3	316	S31600	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
	4436-316-91-I	X3CrNiMo17-13-3
	4436-316-00-I	X3CrNiMo17-12-3
1.4438	4438-317-03-I	X2CrNiMo18-15-4	TP317L 317L	S31703	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4438	4438-317-03-I	X2CrNiMo19-14-4	see Note 8	S31700	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4439	4439-317-26-E	X2CrNiMoN17-13-5	317LMN	S31726	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4445	4445-317-00-U	X6CrNiMo19-13-4	317	S31700	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4460	4460-312-00-I	X3CrNiMoN27-5-2	329	S32900 S31200	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Duplex	-20
1.4462	4462-318-03-I	X2CrNiMoN22-5-3	2205	S32205 S31803 see Note 8	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Duplex	-20
1.4501	4501-327-60-I	X2CrNiMoCuWn25-7-4	25-7-4	S32760	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Duplex	-20
1.4507	4507-325-20-I	X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3	255	S32520	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Duplex	-20
1.4507	4507-325-50-X	X3CrNiMoCuN26-6-3-2	255	S32550	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Duplex	-20
1.4529	4529-089-26-I	X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7	926	N08367 N08926	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Austenitic	-60
1.4539	4539-089-04-I	X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5	904L	N08904	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4541	4541-321-00-I	X6CrNiTi18-10	312 see Note 8	S32100	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4547	4547-312-54-I	X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7	F44 254SMO	S31254	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Austenitic	-60
1.4550	4550-347-00-I	X6CrNiNb18-10	347 see Note 8	S34700	Classed and certified see Note 7	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4561	-	X1CrNiMoTi18-13-2	-	-	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
1.4565	4565-345-65-I	X2CrNiMnMoNbN25-18-5-4	S34565	-	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Austenitic	-60
1.4565	4565-345-65-I	X2CrNiMnMoN25-18-6-5	S34565	-	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 4	Austenitic	-60
1.4571	4571-316-35-I	X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2	316Ti	S31635	Certified see Note 6	Unwelded and welded see Note 3	Austenitic	-60
Note 1. Applicationmust be sufficiently greased to ensure a high degree of protection from the environment and be subject to a strictmaintenance regime. Note 2. Material only to be used for pin type applications. Note 3. Suitable for marine air atmosphere only. Note 4. Suitable for immersion in seawater (for temperatures below +35°C). Note 5. For Charpy V-notch test requirements see Table 11.1.2 Charpy V-notch impact test temperature requirements for non-welded components with a minimum specified yield strength up to 960 MPa and Table 11.1.4 Charpy V-notch impact test energy requirements. Note 6. Application in classed lifting appliances design requires special consideration. Note 7. For requirements in classed applications see Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials, July 2022. Note 8. Material is specified in the Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials, July 2022.

1.2.9 Materials for use in hazardous environments are to be in accordance with a recognised National or International Standard. The Standard used is to be identified in the submitted specification.

1.2.10 Fatigue calculations shall be prepared according to a recognised National or International Standard for each application. The definition of fatigue non-critical and fatigue critical is as follows:

Fatigue non-critical – Cyclic stresses are present, but the fatigue life is reasonably greater than the design fatigue life and it is anticipated that fatigue crack initiation and propagation are unlikely to occur.
Fatigue critical – Cyclic stresses are present, and the estimated fatigue life meets the design requirements, but it is not significantly higher. It is anticipated that fatigue crack initiation and propagation are likely to occur.

1.2.11 For fatigue non-critical applications post-weld heat treatment is to be applied when the material thickness limits stated in Table 11.1.6 Post-weld heat treatment thickness limits for fatigue non-critical applications (excludes castings and forgings) are exceeded.

1.2.12 For fatigue critical applications post-weld heat treatment is to be applied for thicknesses exceeding 65 mm or those shown in Table 11.1.6 Post-weld heat treatment thickness limits for fatigue non-critical applications (excludes castings and forgings), whichever is lower.

1.2.13 Post-weld heat treatment is further to be applied to the welding of steel castings where the thickness of the casting at the weld exceeds 30 mm.

1.2.14 Consideration is to be given to applying post-weld heat treatment for all thicknesses of complicated weld joints where there are high stress concentrations.

1.2.15 Where required, post-weld heat treatment is to be performed in accordance with the requirements specified in Ch 13, 1.16 Post-weld heat treatment and Table 13.4.3 Post-weld soak temperatures and times of the Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials.

1.2.16 Special consideration may be given to omit the required post-weld heat treatment. Evaluation is to be based on engineering critical assessment (ECA) involving fracture mechanics testing, and proposals are to be submitted which include full details of the application, materials, welding procedures, inspection procedures, design temperature and stresses, and fatigue loads and cycles. Evidence will be required to demonstrate that the inspection techniques and procedures to be employed are able to detect flaws to the sizes and tolerances (of length, through-wall height and through-wall position) as determined from the fracture mechanics and/or fatigue calculations. Alternative procedures for the omission of post-weld heat treatment will be subject to special consideration.

Table 11.1.6 Post-weld heat treatment thickness limits for fatigue non-critical applications (excludes castings and forgings)

Minimum specified yield stress of the material (MPa), see Note 1	Minimum design temperature, see Note 2
	−10°C			−20°C			−30°C			−40°C
	Maximum actual stress, see Note 4

	Material thickness limit(mm), see Note 5
Up to 390	220	160	110	200	150	100	170	130	80	130	100	70
420 to 500	180	125	100	150	125	100	120	100	75	110	80	65
550	120	100	70	100	80	65	80	60	50	65	50	35
620 to 690	90	60	50	70	50	40	50	40	25	30	25	20
890	45	35	25	30	20	15	see Note 3
960	40	30	20	25	15	10	see Note 3
Note 1. For intermediate minimum specified yield stress values not shown in the Table, the next higher minimum specified yield stress band should be selected to determine the material thickness limit. Note 2. For intermediate design temperatures the next lowest design temperature shown in the Table should be selected to determine the material thickness limit. See Ch 11, 1.2 General material requirements 1.2.4 for a definition of the minimum design temperature Note 3. Post-weld heat treatment is required for all thicknesses. Note 4. The maximum actual stress, , is defined as the maximum principal stress occurring at the design detail under consideration. The actual stress ranges () are defined as follows: where = minimum specified yield strength of the parent material Note 5. For all applications where material thickness is greater than 65 mm, 100 per cent surface and volumetric non-destructive examination of welds is required.

1.2.17 The use of ‘Z’ grade steel is recommended where the structural steel is subjected to tension stresses in the through thickness direction (e.g. cruciform or t-shape joints). Where Z grade steel is specified, the requirements of Ch 3, 8 Plates with specified through thickness properties of the Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials shall be met and, if necessary, supplementary guidance on selection of Z25 or Z35 may be obtained from a recognised National or International Standard acceptable to LR to ensure structural integrity of the proposed design

1.3 General requirements for fabrication

1.3.1 Before fabrication commences an Inspection and Test Plan (ITP) shall be prepared by the designer/manufacturer. This ITP shall be further discussed and agreed between the designer/manufacturer of the lifting appliance (or its components) and the attending LR Surveyor. The ITP shall meet the requirements of this document.

1.3.2 The welding consumables are to be approved by LR. A list of currently approved welding consumables is published on the LR approval client portal: https://www.lr.org/en/lr-approvals.

1.3.3 The welding consumables are to be suitable for the type of joint and grade of material to be welded and are, in general, to match the parent material. For base material grades with minimum specified yield strength level of 890 N/mm² and 960 N/mm², the weld metal strength may be lower than the minimum specified for the base metal provided that the application has design approval for the undermatching weld metal. In such cases the weld metal strength is not to be less than that specified in the approved design.

1.3.4 The NDE requirements for classed lifting appliances are specified in Ch 11, 2.1 General and the requirements in this Section.

1.3.5 The NDE requirements for certified lifting appliances are specified in Ch 11, 3.2 Fabrication and the requirements in this Section.

1.3.6 The classification and acceptance criteria of weld imperfections shall be in accordance with ISO 5817 Welding – Fusion welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) – Quality levels for imperfections.

1.3.7 The quality level of critical, primary and secondary welds and weld connections between critical, primary and secondary structural components shall be in compliance with Table 11.1.7 Weld quality levels.

Table 11.1.7 Weld quality levels

Welds and weld connections between components	Quality level
see Note 2	see Note 1
Critical welds or welds connected to critical structural components	B
Primary welds or welds connected to primary structural components	B
Secondary welds or welds connected to secondary structural components	D or higher
Note 1. The quality levels are defined in ISO 5817. Note 2. The definition of critical, primary and secondary welds is given in Table 12.3.1 Minimum requirements for NDE. The definition of critical, primary and secondary structural components is given in Ch 11, 1.2 General material requirements 1.2.2.

1.3.8 Concerning welds subject to fatigue, reference is made to Annex C of ISO 5817 Welding – Fusion welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) – Quality levels for imperfections.

1.3.9 For the welding procedure and welder qualification the quality level B as defined in ISO 5817 is to be applied.

1.3.10 The designer/manufacturer shall have a system of dimensional checks in place to ensure that the components and the system as a whole will be built in accordance with the approved drawings. The system shall verify the dimensional compliance with the approved drawings after welding operations and/or machining to the satisfaction of the surveyor.

1.3.11 A suitable corrosion protection system is to be selected and applied by the designer/manufacturer, depending on the expected corrosivity of the environment. If a protective paint system has been selected it shall comply with the requirements of the applicable parts of ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. If there is no corrosivity category agreed between the Owner/Operator and the designer/manufacturer, the corrosivity category ‘CX’ as defined in ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems shall be selected. All items and areas are to be sufficiently protected against corrosion for the agreed protection duration of the system. If there is no protection duration agreed between the Owner/Operator and the designer/manufacturer, the durability range ‘H’ (as a minimum) as defined in ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems shall be selected. If the system is to be operated beyond the agreed protection duration or the duration of the durability range of ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems, additional maintenance inspections are to be carried out and appropriate defect criteria are to be defined in the maintenance section of the instruction for use.