5.1 Whenever possible, timber should be used between
the stowage surface and the bottom of the unit in order to increase
friction. This does not apply to items on wooden cradles or on rubber
tyres or with similar bottom material having a high coefficient of
friction.
5.2 The securing devices should be arranged in
a way to withstand transverse and longitudinal forces which may give
rise to sliding or tipping.
5.3 The optimum lashing angle against sliding
is about 25°, while the optimum lashing angle against tipping
is generally found between 45° and 60° (figure 1).
5.4 If a heavy cargo item has been dragged into
position on greased skid boards or other means to reduce friction,
the number of lashings used to prevent sliding should be increased
accordingly.
5.5 If, owing to circumstances, lashings can be
set at large angles only, sliding must be prevented by timber shoring,
welded fittings or other appropriate means. Any welding should be
carried out in accordance with accepted hot-work procedures.