For the purposes of these Guidelines, the following definitions
apply:
2.1
ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable)
refers to a level of risk for which further investment of resources
for risk reduction is not justified. When risk is reduced to ALARP,
it is acceptable.
2.2
ALARP area refers to risks neither
negligibly low nor intolerably high where a cost-benefit analysis
is used to identify cost-effective risk control options.
2.3
Approval means that the Administration
issues an approval certificate as proof of verification of compliance
with the regulations, standards, rules, etc. which are aimed at ensuring
safety against hazards to the ship, personnel, passengers and cargo,
and against hazards to the environment.
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Note: For approval of alternative oil tanker
designs according to MARPOL, regulation I/19(5), it is noted that
the MEPC is the Approval Authority for the preliminary approval (referred
to as approval in principle in MARPOL) of the concept design.
2.4
Design casualty scenario means
a set of conditions that defines the development and severity of a
casualty within and through ship space(s) or systems and describes
specific factors relevant to a casualty of concern.
2.5
Design team is a team established
by the owner, builder or designer, which may include, as the alternative
design and arrangements demand, a representative of the owner, builder
or designer and expert(s) having the necessary knowledge and experience
for the specific evaluation at hand. Other members may include marine
surveyors, ship operators, safety engineers, equipment manufacturers,
human factor experts, naval architects and marine engineers.
2.6
Failure mode is the observed
mechanism or manner in which a failure can occur.
2.7
FME(C)A. Failure Mode, Effect
(and Criticality) Analysis.
2.8
Preliminary design is a design
developed for the design preview and the first analysis phase. The
preliminary design is a high-level design taking into account the
general arrangement, major systems, components, etc.
2.9
HazId. Hazard identification,
a process to find, list and characterize hazards.
2.10
HazOp. Hazard and operability
study.
2.11
Novel/new technology or design.
A new technology is a technology that has no documented track record
in a given field of application, i.e. there is no documentation that
can provide confidence in the technology from practical operations,
with respect to the ability of the technology to meet specified functional
requirements. This implies that a new technology is either:
-
.1 a technology that has no track record in a
known field;
-
.2 a proven technology in a new environment; or
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.3 a technology that has no track record in a
new environment.
2.12
Preliminary approval/approval of preliminary
design is the process by which the Administration issues a
statement that a proposed concept design complies with the intent
of the rules, regulations and/or appropriate criteria set by the Administration
– even though the design may not be fully evolved. The preliminary
approval is subject to a list of conditions that are addressed in
the final design stage.
2.13
Proven technology has a documented
track record in the field for a defined environment.
2.14
Risk is a measure of the likelihood
that an undesirable event will occur together with a measure of the
resulting consequence within a specified time, i.e. a combination
of the frequency and the severity of the consequence (this can be
either a quantitative or qualitative measure).
2.15
Risk analysis is the science
of risks, their probability and consequence.
2.16
Risk assessment is an integrated
array of analytical techniques, e.g. reliability, availability and
maintainability engineering, statistics, decision theory, systems
engineering, human behaviour, etc. that can successfully integrate
diverse aspects of design and operation in order to assess risk.
2.17
Risk evaluation criteria are
formally recognized objective criteria defining the acceptable risk.
2.18
Risk-based design is a design
where the design process has been supported by a risk assessment or
the design basis has resulted from a risk assessment. That is, it
is a structured and systematic methodology aimed at ensuring safety
performance and cost-effectiveness by using risk analysis and cost-benefit
assessment.
2.19
Risk control measure is a means
of controlling a single element or risk; typically, risk control is
achieved by reducing either the consequences or the frequencies; sometimes
it could be a combination of the two.
2.20
Risk control option (RCO) is
a combination of risk control measures.
2.21
Safety is the absence of unacceptable
levels of risk to life, limb and health (from non-wilful acts).
2.22
Safety critical. Containing
an element of risk. Necessary to prevent a hazard.
2.23
Final design. Elaboration of
the preliminary design. The final design complies with the results
of the preliminary analysis, e.g. with respect to risk control options
already identified, and the requirements of the Administration. The
final design is developed on the basis of the statement by the Administration.
2.24
Submitter is an entity seeking
approval of an alternative design and/or equivalent from the Administration,
responsible for communicating with the administration for the submission
and follow-up of the approval process.