2.3 Around Galapagos there are cold ocean currents,
upwelling zones, and water masses of diverse origin, all of them forming
a complex system containing bio-elements from tropical and subtropical
regions of South America and from the Indo-Pacific biotic region;
the islands are thus cordoned off genetically, creating an area of
biogeographical diversification. Galapagos is acknowledged as showing
biogeographical affinities not only with the tropical and subtropical
South American mainland, but also with representative elements of
the Peru-Chile and western Pacific biogeographical regions.